YVES FEY

Montmartre

The pages here will celebrate themes specific to Montmarte, but will also explore places and events relevant to my heroine’s world within it and outside of it, even as Michel’s Paris extends up the hillside.

 

Montmartre beyond the old Louvre in a Medieval painting by an unknown artist.
Montmartre beyond the old Louvre in a Medieval painting by an unknown artist.

Le Butte Montmartre is the highest point of Paris, and has been the center of activities sacred and profane for centuries.  The Druids worshipped here.  After them, the Romans built two temples, one to Mercury, and one to Mars.  Most believe this last temple gave the butte its name, though some think its true name is the Mountain of Martyrs.  The early Christians worshipped here.  In the 3rd century,  St. Denis was beheaded on the pinnacle, then picked up his severed head, washed it in a fountain, and carried it to the site of his future church on the plain below.

St. Denis holding his head. A sculpture in a Montmartre park.
St. Denis holding his head. A sculpture in a Montmartre park.

A Benedictine convent flourished here in the 12thcentury and in the 17th a Priory was established in honor of St. Denis’ martyrdom.  But those buildings were sold off and demolished in the upheaval of the French Revolution.

The church of Saint Pierre de Montmartre by Jacques Auguste Régnier
The church of Saint Pierre de Montmartre by Jacques Auguste Régnier

Other battles were fought here, both before and after that most famous struggle.  In 1814 the Russians stationed troops here. The fellow in this illustration seems welcome enough, but a grim legend claims that one of the owners of the mill that would become Le Moulin de la Galette was killed and strung up on the windmill’s blades after attempting to defend it against the Cossacks.

Contemporary depiction of a Cossack in Paris
Contemporary depiction of a Cossack in Paris

More palatably, their demands to be fed quickly – Bistro! – created the fast food restaurants of the era.  They would have eaten at La Mère Catherine, among other cafes on the butte.

Even before them, Danton, hero of the Revolution, supped here when he penned the words, “Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you may die.”

Most importantly, the Commune was born here in 1871. It lived its brief life and died in bloodshed in amid the tombstones of Père Lachaise Cemetery and on the heights of the butte Montmartre.

Contemporary illustration of Montmartroise with their cannon
Contemporary illustration of Montmartroise with their cannon

The Montmartoise were Parisians by then.  The Butte Montmartre was annexed to Paris’ 18th arrondissment in 1860. But bucolic Montmartre held itself apart from the more urban environment below, keeping its politically and artistically iconoclastic nature for decades after.  Even today, despite the swarms of tourists that gather around Sacre Coeur and the artists’ enclave of the Place de Terte, the side streets of Montmartre feel a world apart from the rush of the city below.


In Vincent Van Gogh’s paintings among others, Montmartre has the look of a country town. There were still many windmills – moulins – their blades turning until the mid nineteenth century, when even the denizens of Montmartre became nostalgic about them.

Windmills in a Field, by Vincent Van Gogh
Windmills in a Field, by Vincent Van Gogh

But by that time, industry, with its noise and noxious fumes, was invading the towns on the far side of the butte.

Outskirts of Paris Near Montmartre, by Van Gogh

Montmartre was known for its radical politics, but even more for its innovative art.  Many painters lived upon the slopes of the butte or along the boulevards at its foot.  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec defined Montmartre’s fin de siècle character.

Jane Avril Leaving the Moulin Rouge, by Toulouse-Lautrec

Like Van Gogh,  Renoir, and the Catalan Post-Impressionist, Santiago Rusinol, Lautrec loved to paint the various moods of the great cabarets.

The back gate to the Moulin de la Galette.
The back gate to the Moulin de la Galette.

Monet and Degas had studios here, as did Mary Cassatt.  Susan Valadon and her son, Maurice Utrillo, lived here. The Montmartre Museum celebrates them all, along with the history of the Butte.

Utrillo painted by Suzanne Valadon

 

Suzanne Valadon was a favorite model of Toulouse-Lautrec

Today there is a fascinating little Dali museum atop the hill, just around the corner from the Place de Terte.  Lower down, off the main boulevard, Gustav Moreau’s home may still be visited.

Dragonfly painting by Gustave Moreau
Dragonfly painting by Gustave Moreau

Among the literati, Gerard de Nerval was especially enchanted with the idyllic atmosphere of Montmartre, though he walked his pet lobster among the sedate gardens of the Palais Royal.  Mallarme and his friends gathered at the Café Riche and Le Rat Mort.  Verlaine lived and was married here, but his lover Rimbaud refused a room because he would actually be expected to pay for it.  Property was theft, after all.

Fantin-Latour’s portrait of Verlaine, Rimbaud, and others

After the turn of the century, Max Jacob joined Apollinaire, Modigliani, Duchamp, Picasso and Salvador Dali in the ungoing artistic revolution.  Céline wrote novels as hallucinatory and far more cynical thans the poems inspired by Nerval’s divine madness.

Portrait of Picasso by Juan Gris

Everything changes… In Montmartre, in Paris, new art movements are born in an almost unending riot of creativity throughout the new century.

Delaunay’s painting of the Champ de Mars and Eiffel Tower

 

Foxes by Franz Marc

They continue to rediscover and to reinvent themselves, transforming the world along with them.

Battling Forms by Franz Marc

Banner images from paintings by Maxmilien Luce and Vincent Van Gogh.

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